WITHDRAWN

Stoicism, an ancient Greco-Roman philosophy, has experienced a modern resurgence owing to its practical tools for managing emotion and navigating adversity.Founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the 3rd century BCE and later developed by philosophers like Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius, Stoicism taught that philosophy should function as a "medicine for the psyche," treating the emotional and existential ailments of life. 1 In Stoic teachings, disturbances of the mind are seen as arising not from external events but from within-specifically, from our judgments about events.This cognitive framework -famously captured by Epictetus ("Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they take of them") 2 -positions Stoicism as a philosophical ancestor of many principles in modern psychotherapy.Indeed,