Physiological Concepts of Ibn Sina: A Systematic Review of Munafeul Aza in Classical Unani Medicine

The great Persian polymath of the Islamic Golden Age, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), established the groundwork for the Unani system's integrated understanding of human physiology (Munafeul Aza). Combining his empirical observations with the knowledge of Greek physicians, his encyclopaedic work Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) is among the first comprehensive treatises on organ function. Ibn Sina provided a thorough physiological model with his quwa (faculties), af‘al (functions), arwah (spirits), and mizaj (temperament) framework. This essay critically evaluates Ibn Sina's contributions to Unani physiology, including his theories on organ interdependence, digestion, pulse, and spirit distribution. Comparatively, it emphasises his ongoing significance and impact in conventional and contemporary health sciences (1)(2).