Optimizing Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Protein Delivery: Strategies for Improving Loading Efficiency, Stability, and Targeted Release through Surface Modification and Polymer Design

This study investigates the development and evaluation of catalase-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as a sustained drug delivery system for anti-arthritic therapy. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using ionotropic gelation, achieving an optimal particle size of approximately 190 nm and a drug entrapment efficiency of 67-68%. The nanoparticles exhibited a zeta potential of 40.26 ± 1.4 mV, indicating good stability, and were characterized for their spherical morphology via transmission electron microscopy. In vitro release studies demonstrated a controlled release profile, with 58.42% of catalase released over 24 hours in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). Stability studies revealed minimal changes in particle size and drug content at 4°C, though aggregation was observed at 27°C. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies in a carrageenan-induced arthritis model in albino rats showed that CNPs significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, achieving up to 67.38% inhibition of arthritis compared to 41.26% for free catalase. Biodistribution analysis indicated higher drug retention in the arthritic joint and prolonged blood levels with CNPs compared to free catalase, suggesting improved targeting and sustained release. These findings highlight the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for catalase in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, offering enhanced biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy.