Scoliosis: A Literature Review

Scoliosis is a complex, three-dimensional deformity of the spine that not only affectsstructural integrity and posture but also significantly influences physical functionality andpsychological well-being. It manifests as a lateral curvature with vertebral rotation, oftenresulting in visible spinal asymmetry, back pain, and compromised respiratory function insevere cases. The condition is broadly categorized into four primary types—idiopathic,neuromuscular, syndromic, and congenital—each differing in etiology, progression, andresponse to treatment. Idiopathic scoliosis, particularly adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS),is the most prevalent, with no clear underlying cause, though genetic and hormonal factorsare implicated. Congenital scoliosis stems from vertebral malformations during embryonicdevelopment, whereas neuromuscular and syndromic scoliosis are secondary to othersystemic conditions, such as muscular dystrophies or connective tissue disorders. Diagnosisinvolves a detailed clinical assessment supplemented by radiographic imaging techniques,with the Cobb angle and Risser sign serving as critical indicators of curvature magnitude andskeletal maturity, respectively. Management strategies are tailored to the severity of the curveand patient age and may include physiotherapy, bracing, or surgical intervention. Posteriorspinal fusion and the bipolar technique are commonly employed surgical methods,particularly for progressive or severe deformities. The holistic treatment approach mustaddress both physical and psychological aspects to improve long-term outcomes.Advancements in imaging, surgical techniques, and conservative therapies continue to shapethe evolving landscape of scoliosis management.