Spatial network model and vitality optimization as illustrated by Chinese traditional Tujia villages

Employing the Voronoi diagram method, complex network theory, and multiple linear regression, this study examines the spatial network and vitality of traditional Tujia villages to explore the ethnic survival strategies, social structures, and cultural dynamics of Tusi-governed regions in China from the 13th to 20th centuries. Findings reveal a clustered spatial distribution shaped by natural factors, while the architectural network exhibits low stability, density, and connectivity, with weak structural integrity and balance. A high number of tangent points highlights the influence of ethnic architectural traditions. Betweenness and degree centrality analyses demonstrate the dual impact of ecological and historical factors on spatial organization. Overall, architectural vitality remains low, concentrated in densely clustered buildings. Key determinants include spatial diversity, cultural authenticity, and accommodation capacity. This study introduces the DNVA (Distribution, Network, Vitality, Attribute) model, providing a theoretical and methodological framework for preserving and revitalizing Tujia cultural heritage.