Nuclear Energy as a Strategic Resource: A Historical and Technological Review

Nuclear energy has undergone a significant transformation over the past decades, driven by technological innovation, shifting safety priorities, and the urgent need to mitigate climate change. This study presents a comprehensive review of the historical evolution, current developments, and future prospects of nuclear energy as a strategic low-carbon resource. A structured literature review was conducted following Kitchenham’s methodology, covering peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports from 2000 to 2025. Key advances examined include the deployment of Small Modular Reactors, Generation IV technologies, and fusion systems, along with progress in safety protocols, waste management, and regulatory frameworks. Comparative environmental data confirm nuclear power’s low life-cycle CO2 emissions and high energy density relative to other generation sources. However, major challenges remain, including high capital costs, long construction times, complex waste disposal, and issues of public acceptance. The analysis underscores that nuclear energy, while not a standalone solution, is a critical component of a diversified and sustainable energy mix. Its successful integration will depend on adaptive governance, international cooperation, and enhanced social engagement. Overall, the findings support the role of nuclear energy in achieving global decarbonization targets, provided that safety, equity, and environmental responsibility are upheld.