Expert-AI Concordance in Varicocele Management: How Reliable Is ChatGPT-4.0?

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Large language models like ChatGPT are increasingly used by both clinicians and patients to obtain medical information.However, their accuracy and alignment with expert recommendations in specific urological conditions such as varicocele remain unclear.Previous studies evaluating ChatGPT have focused mainly on general medical knowledge or patient education.This study is the first to systematically assess the clinical reliability of ChatGPT-4.0 in varicocele-related infertility scenarios using structured expert evaluation.It demonstrates that ChatGPT-4.0provides recommendations largely consistent with expert opinion, especially in guideline-based standard cases, while highlighting its limitations in gray-zone decisions that require individualized clinical judgment.