Unraveling the mechanisms of multifaceted defense induction in sweet peppers by (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate

The agricultural sector confronts unprecedented challenges due to global climate change.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) offer an innovative solution to enhance crop resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses.In this study, we evaluated the effects of continuous exposure to (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate [(Z)-3-HP], a green leaf volatile, on the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and ecological responses of sweet pepper plants.Transcriptomic analyses revealed the upregulation of genes associated with wounding, pathogenesis, hormonal signaling, and redox regulation.Biochemical assays indicated improved oxidative stress management, while gas exchange measurements showed enhanced water use efficiency and regulated stomatal closure without compromising photosynthesis and productivity, suggesting adaptability to water deficit.Pest performance trials demonstrated reduced infestation and improved plant resistance against Frankliniella occidentalis, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and Spodoptera exigua.These findings support the use of (Z)-3-HP as a sustainable elicitor in integrated pest and stress management strategies, contributing to climate-resilient agriculture and reduced chemical input.