Comparison of the Effect of Aerobic Exercise Versus Yoga on Endothelial Function and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder often linked to endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, particularly in individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 23 kg/m² or higher. This study examines the impact of aerobic exercise and yoga on markers of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in individuals with T2DM. Methodology A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving adults diagnosed with T2DM who met specific inclusion criteria, including age over 18 years, BMI ≥23 kg/m², and HbA1c ≤7.5%. Participants were assigned to one of the following three groups: aerobic exercise, yoga, or a control group. The intervention lasted 12 weeks. Measurements of fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)), and endothelial function by intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels were taken before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were conducted using t-tests and chi-square tests to assess group differences. Results Both the aerobic and yoga groups demonstrated significant reductions in HbA1c, FBS, HOMA-IR, and ICAM-1 levels compared to the control group. Aerobic exercise showed greater improvement in endothelial function, whereas yoga was more effective in enhancing insulin sensitivity. Conclusions Regular aerobic or yoga-based exercise interventions are effective non-pharmacological strategies to improve vascular health and insulin resistance in individuals with T2DM. These findings support integrating structured physical activity into diabetes management programs. Tailoring exercise modalities based on patient preference and physical capability may further help reduce diabetes-related complications and improve long-term outcomes.