Current research trends in macro-level perspectives on loneliness in older adults

In this article, we review and categorize recent evidence exploring loneliness in older adults from a macro-level perspective to i) provide insights into current research and ii) propose future research directions. We categorize recent studies into three types: observational studies, intervention studies, and conceptual papers. Recent observational studies analyze loneliness using large European datasets such as SHARE, or harmonized datasets from other continents — mostly from a cross-sectional perspective, but also using longitudinal designs. In contrast, macro-level intervention studies are infrequent and mostly focused on the negative impact of COVID restrictive policies on loneliness. Current conceptual papers highlight the very need for macro-level perspectives and emphasize the importance of integrating these approaches into future research to more accurately identify etiological and sustaining factors shaping loneliness. Although macro-level causes of loneliness have been theoretically recognized, more empirical evidence confirming their role is needed. • The role of income inequality and cultural characteristics in shaping loneliness. • COVID-19 has led to numerous macro-level studies. • Macro-level strategies require evidence-based guidance and evaluation. • Important to contextualize proximal causes of loneliness at the macro level.