Eco-conscious electromagnetic interference shielding: Mechanically robust, flexible, and recyclable PVA/Graphene composite films for next-generation applications

Recyclable and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are pivotal for sustainable electronics. This study investigates polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-graphene-sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) nanocomposites synthesized via solution casting, achieving an optimized balance of mechanical strength, shielding efficiency, and recyclability. Microstructural analyses (Raman imaging, SEM, μ-CT) confirmed uniform filler dispersion, while FTIR, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy validated structural integration. TGA demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, alongside significant improvements in flexibility and tensile strength due to graphene incorporation. Frequency-dependent AC conductivity at various temperatures was modelled using the random free energy barrier approach, while electrical conductivity variation with filler concentration adhered to a sigmoidal model. Achieving a remarkable specific shielding efficiency per thickness (SSE/t) of 224.83 dBcm 2 /g, these composites also exhibit water solubility, supporting their recyclability. Thus, PVA/graphene films emerge as promising candidates for eco-friendly, high-performance EMI shielding solutions. • Biodegradable PVA/graphene/SDS composite with excellent recyclability. • Achieved > 20 dB EMI SE and enhanced electrical conductivity. • SDS enabled uniform graphene dispersion and stable transport pathways. • Composite shows balanced strength, flexibility, and shielding efficiency. • Conductivity explained using micro- and macroscopic theoretical models.