Multifactorial Mechanisms and Emerging Strategies in Alzheimers Disease Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Alzheimers disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Its high incidence and severe cognitive decline impose a heavy burden on society. Exploring its pathogenic mechanisms and diagnosis/treatment strategies is a current research focus. This review systematically elaborates on the core pathological mechanisms of AD. These include senile plaques formed by the abnormal deposition of -amyloid protein (A), neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and the regulatory roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy dysfunction in neuronal damage. It also reveals the interconnections between these multiple mechanisms. It summarizes the latest advances in AD diagnosis, focusing on the shift in NIA-AA diagnostic criteria, as well as the application value of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, PET imaging, and blood biomarkers in early diagnosis. In addition, it reviews existing treatment strategies, including non-pharmacological methods such as cognitive training and lifestyle interventions. It also covers the current status and challenges in developing disease-modifying therapies, such as those targeting A clearance and tau aggregation inhibition. By integrating key advances in ADs pathological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment methods, this paper provides a theoretical reference for early AD identification, optimization of treatment strategies, and exploration of new intervention targets.