Blockchain and IoT for Sustainable Agriculture: Innovations and Impacts

The integration of Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a transformative force in sustainable agriculture. This review explores the synergistic potential of these technologies to enhance transparency, traceability, resource efficiency, and resilience in agricultural systems. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles and conference proceedings published between 2015 and 2024, sourced from databases such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. Studies were selected based on relevance to agricultural sustainability, the implementation of IoT and blockchain, and empirical or conceptual insights. The findings reveal that IoT devices enable real-time data collection and monitoring, while blockchain ensures secure, immutable records for supply chain transparency and smart contracts. Despite their promise, challenges persist, including high implementation costs, scalability issues, and limited digital infrastructure in rural areas. The review underscores the need for collaborative frameworks and policy support to foster adoption and recommends future research to focus on hybrid models and localized applications.