Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems as an Alternative for Sustainable Urbanization in Southeastern Mexico

Rapid urban growth poses distinct energy and environmental challenges in various regions of the world. This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of a grid-connected photovoltaic system in Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, using Homer Pro software, version 3.14.2, to simulate realistic scenarios. The analysis incorporated local climate data, residential load profiles, and updated economic parameters for 2024. System optimization resulted in an installed capacity of 173 kW of solar panels and 113 kW of inverters, yielding a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of MXN 1.43/kWh, a return on investment (ROI) of 5.3%, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 8%, and a simple payback period of 10 years. The projected annual energy output was 281,175 kWh, covering 36% of the local energy demand. These results highlight the potential for integrating renewable energy into urban contexts, offering significant economic and environmental benefits. The integration of public policy with urban planning can enhance energy resilience and sustainability in intermediate cities. This study also supports the application of tools such as Homer Pro in designing energy solutions tailored to local conditions and contributes to a fair and decentralized energy transition.