The correlation between non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents, parenting styles, and borderline personality traits

These findings suggest that paternal rejection and denial, maternal overprotection and interference, and borderline personality traits may be associated with adolescent NSSI behaviors. The results provide valuable insights for clinicians to better understand the psychosocial contributing factors of NSSI, highlighting that future intervention strategies should consider the combined effects of family parenting patterns and adolescents' personality characteristics. This study employed a cross - sectional design, which rendered it impossible to establish the multiple causal relationships among parental parenting styles, borderline personality traits, and non - suicidal self - injury (NSSI) behaviors, as well as to analyze the mediating effects between these variables. Future research could integrate multiple research methodologies, such as combining cross - sectional and longitudinal studies.