Realities of upland communities: tales of culture and survival

Purpose The purpose of this ethnographic study was to explore and gain a deeper understanding of the culture of upland communities belonging to Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) residing in the upland regions of the Philippines. Design/methodology/approach Fourteen IPs/ICCs aged 50 years and above participated in the study. Data collection methods included observation, focus group discussions and document analysis. The data were analyzed thematically. Findings The findings reveal that the IPs/ICCs speak a unique homegrown language called Ligbok and maintain strong spiritual beliefs centered on the supernatural. The spirit of Bayanihan is deeply ingrained in their social practices, emphasizing communal cooperation and mutual aid. They follow traditional laws and demonstrate respect for authority figures. Their technologies are predominantly agricultural, with farming being central to their livelihood. However, their heavy reliance on nature makes them highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Additionally, their access to education remains limited. Practical implications This study highlights the critical need for the government to strengthen efforts in safeguarding the rights and welfare of ICCs/IPs, in alignment with the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Originality/value Despite technological advancements, many groups remain unheard, misunderstood and neglected. Among these are the upland communities on Panay Island, whose stories have largely remained untold due to a lack of systematic research and consolidated knowledge about them. Furthermore, the absence of platforms for discourse regarding their plight presents a significant challenge for researchers, hindering efforts to comprehensively understand their lives. These conditions perpetuate discrimination and social inequality. These circumstances paved the way for this study.