Mapping Health Research Capacity Building Initiatives in Kenya: A Scoping Review

Health research capacity building (HRCB) is fundamental to the development of resilient health systems, the production of locally relevant evidence, and the advancement of evidence-based policy in low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya. Despite notable progress, Kenya’s HRCB landscape remains fragmented, donor-dependent, and heavily concentrated in urban academic institutions, with limited national coordination or systematic evaluation. This scoping review aimed to comprehensively map HRCB initiatives implemented in Kenya between 2010 and 2025, identifying key thematic areas, geographical coverage, and institutional actors. The review followed the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework, augmented by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Eligibility criteria were defined using the Population–Concept–Context (PCC) framework, focusing on individuals, institutions, and programs engaged in research training, mentorship, infrastructure development, policy engagement, and collaboration within the Kenyan context. A total of 110 records were identified through systematic searches of peer-reviewed databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate) and grey literature sources, including reports from government agencies, academic institutions, and development partners. After screening and full-text review, 31 studies were included in the final synthesis. Data were charted using thematic matrices and analysed narratively. Five key themes emerged: training and mentorship, institutional strengthening, research networks and collaborations, research-to-policy linkages, and equity considerations, including regional and gender disparities. While programs such as CARTA, Afya Bora, and KEMRI-led initiatives demonstrated impact, challenges included inadequate rural reach, persistent gender imbalances, limited sustainability, and weak national ownership. Findings reveal a lack of standardised monitoring indicators and minimal integration of HRCB into broader health and education systems. This review underscores the urgent need for a coordinated national HRCB framework that promotes inclusivity, local leadership, and long-term sustainability. Such efforts are essential to optimise Kenya’s research ecosystem, bridge capacity gaps, and align research development with national health priorities and global goals.