Business email compromise: A systematic review of understanding, detection, and challenges

Business Email Compromise (BEC) is a widespread fraud targeting businesses and individuals to obtain financial benefits and gain access to highly sensitive data. BEC fraud significantly impacts almost all organizations worldwide, resulting in substantial losses. Despite its prevalence, there is a shortage of research on understanding and protecting against this fraud. Consequently, this paper aims to survey existing BEC detection techniques. It first provides an overview of the methods and strategies used by attackers in BEC schemes. It also reviews existing BEC detection and prevention techniques, including both technical and non-technical solutions. The strengths of each technique are objectively discussed, and their limitations are critically analyzed. Finally, this study offers a thorough set of current challenges in BEC detection and outlines future research directions, providing valuable guidance for improving security measures against BEC fraud.