Green Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mn3O4 Nano-Octahedra Using Carménère Grape Pomace Extract and Evaluation of Their Properties for Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis

In this study, a green hydrothermal synthesis method was employed to produce <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄ and <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄/β-MnO₂ nanostructures using EET-50, an organic extract obtained from a by-product of Carménère wine production. The biomolecules in EET-50 acted as reducing agents due to their electron-donating functional groups, enabling nanostructure formation without the need for additional chemical reductants. Morphological characterization by SEM revealed that a KMnO₄/EET-50 mass ratio of 3:1 led to the synthesis of nano-octahedra alongside rod-like structures, with shorter reaction times favoring the development of isolated nano-octahedra ranging from 100 nm to 170 nm. Structural analyses by XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of mixed-phase <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄/β-MnO₂ and <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄ (hausmannite). Electrochemical performance tests demonstrated that <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄ nano-octahedra exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 236.27 F/g at 1 mA/g, surpassing the mixed-phase sample by 28.3%, and showed excellent capacitance retention (99.98%) after 100 cycles at 8 mA/g. Additionally, the <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄ nano-octahedra exhibited enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance in alkaline media, with an overpotential of 0.430 V vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 205 mV/dec. These results underscore the potential of <i>Mn</i>₃<i>O</i>₄ nano-octahedra, synthesized via a green route using grape pomace extract as a reducing agent, offering an environmentally friendly alternative for applications in energy storage and electrocatalysis.