Stage-Specific Light Intensity Optimization for Yield and Energy Efficiency in Plant Factory Potato Pre-Basic Seed Production

This study investigated the effects of light intensity regulation on yield and energy efficiency during potato pre-basic seed propagation in plant factories. Using virus-free ‘Favorita’ potato seedlings as experimental material, gradient light intensities (200, 300, and 400 μmol·m2·s−1) were applied at four developmental stages: the seedling stage (SS), tuber formation stage (TFS), tuber growth stage (TGS), and harvest stage (HS), to explore the physiological mechanisms of stage-specific light intensity regulation and energy utilization efficiency. The results revealed that: (1) The per-plant tuber yield of the high yield group reached 72.91 g (T59 treatment), representing a 25% increase compared to the medium yield group and a 168% increase compared to the low yield group. Additionally, the high yield group exhibited superior leaf area, photosynthetic rate, and accumulation of sucrose and starch. (2) The impact of light intensity on tuber development exhibited stage specificity: low light intensity (200 μmol·m−2·s−1) during TFS promoted early tuber initiation, while a high light intensity (400 μmol·m−2·s−1) enhanced tuber formation efficiency. Increasing the light intensity during TGS facilitated the accumulation of sucrose and starch in tubers. (3) Energy use efficiency (EUE) increased significantly with yield, with the high yield group reaching 3.2 g MJ−1, representing 52% and 88% improvements over the medium yield (2.1 g MJ−1) and low yield (1.7 g MJ−1) groups, respectively. A “stage-specific precision light supplementation” strategy was proposed, involving moderate light reduction (200 μmol·m−2·s−1) during TFS and light enhancement (300 μmol·m−2·s−1) during TGS to coordinate source-sink relationships and optimize carbohydrate metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis for efficient potato production in plant factories.