Comprehensive Review on Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Contemporary Management Strategies

Carcinoma of the gallbladder (Gallbladder Cancer, GBC) is an uncommon yet highly aggressive malignancy associated with a dismal prognosis, primarily due to its asymptomatic presentation in early stages and rapid progression to advanced disease. Representing the most prevalent cancer of the biliary tract and ranking as the fifth most common gastrointestinal malignancy globally, GBC poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This exhaustive review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, staging classifications, and evolving treatment paradigms for gallbladder carcinoma. Additionally, we explore novel therapeutic avenues, including immunotherapy and targeted molecular agents, while highlighting future research directions aimed at improving survival outcomes.