Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, Corrosion, and Cytotoxicity of <i>Butea monosperma</i> ‐Doped Hydroxyapatite for Hard Orthopedic Implants

Abstract Butea monosperma (BM)‐doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) pellets have been prepared with varying concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 10%. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductive coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) were used to find elemental concentrations. Intermetallic compound formation was determined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and the presence of functional groups was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to find the grain size. Vickers hardness tester was used to find the microhardness of all the samples. Hardness increases with an increase in MB concentrations and follows the Hall–Petch relation. The dielectric values of all the samples fall within the range of human bone. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) studies show a reduction in the total pore volume of the samples with the increase in BM concentrations. Thermal stability, dielectric constant, and capacitance values of 0.5% BM‐doped sample are better than the other doped samples. Corrosion analysis demonstrated the lowest corrosion rate for the 0.5% BM‐doped sample, and MTT assays indicated the lowest IC 50 value of 55.88, highlighting enhanced biocompatibility. The observed changes in properties were directly correlated with structural modifications induced by BM doping. Novelty of this work lies in the systematic investigation of B. monosperma as a green, sustainable, and multifunctional bio‐dopant to enhance the performance of hydroxyapatite in orthopedic implants. This is the first study to correlate BM concentration with multiple properties across structural, thermal, electrical, and biological domains.