High-Speed Modulator Technology: Material and Design Evolution (Inp, Si, Tf-Ln)

High-speed modulators are key devices in optical transceivers for communication. The demands for higher capacity, miniaturization, and lower power consumption in transceivers have required modulators to simultaneously achieve high speed, high efficiency, and compact integration. Although these improvements are challenging due to intertwined performance metrics, various methods have been explored in recent years in terms of materials and device structures.