JSON-Bag: A Generic Game Trajectory Representation

We introduce JSON Bag-of-Tokens model (JSONBag) as a method to generically represent game trajectories by tokenizing their JSON descriptions and apply Jensen-Shannon distance (JSD) as distance metric for them. Using a prototypebased nearest-neighbor search (P-NNS), we evaluate the validity of JSON-Bag with JSD on six tabletop games—7 Wonders, Dominion, Sea Salt and Paper, Can't Stop, Connect4, Dots and boxes—each over three game trajectory classification tasks: classifying the playing agents, game parameters, or game seeds that were used to generate the trajectories. Our approach outperforms a baseline using hand-crafted features in the majority of tasks. Evaluating on N -shot classification suggests using JSON-Bag prototype to represent game trajectory classes is also sample efficient. Additionally, we demonstrate JSON-Bag ability for automatic feature extraction by treating tokens as individual features to be used in Random Forest to solve the tasks above, which significantly improves accuracy on underperforming tasks. Finally, we show that, across all six games, the JSD between JSON-Bag prototypes of agent classes highly correlates with the distances between agents' policies.

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Published
2025-08-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1109/cog64752.2025.11114406
Primary Topic
Artificial Intelligence in Games
Type
article
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article

JSON-Bag: A Generic Game Trajectory Representation

Diego Pérez-Liébana, Simon M. Lucas, Dien Nguyen
Artificial Intelligence in Games
article

JSON-Bag: A Generic Game Trajectory Representation

Diego Pérez-Liébana, Simon M. Lucas, Dien Nguyen
article en

Abstract

We introduce JSON Bag-of-Tokens model (JSONBag) as a method to generically represent game trajectories by tokenizing their JSON descriptions and apply Jensen-Shannon distance (JSD) as distance metric for them. Using a prototypebased nearest-neighbor search (P-NNS), we evaluate the validity of JSON-Bag with JSD on six tabletop games—7 Wonders, Dominion, Sea Salt and Paper, Can't Stop, Connect4, Dots and boxes—each over three game trajectory classification tasks: classifying the playing agents, game parameters, or game seeds that were used to generate the trajectories. Our approach outperforms a baseline using hand-crafted features in the majority of tasks. Evaluating on N -shot classification suggests using JSON-Bag prototype to represent game trajectory classes is also sample efficient. Additionally, we demonstrate JSON-Bag ability for automatic feature extraction by treating tokens as individual features to be used in Random Forest to solve the tasks above, which significantly improves accuracy on underperforming tasks. Finally, we show that, across all six games, the JSD between JSON-Bag prototypes of agent classes highly correlates with the distances between agents' policies.

Queen Mary University of London (GB)
Openalex Percentile: Top 89%
Artificial Intelligence in Games
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JSON-Bag: A Generic Game Trajectory Representation — Diego Pérez-Liébana, Simon M. Lucas, et al. · (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS