Design and Analysis of Tapered Slot Antennas: Geometry and Wideband Frequency Effects

Microstrip antennas with different geometries are crucial for improving the performance of transmission and minimizing losses across wideband frequency ranges, requiring greater attenuation. In the present study, the influence of geometry and frequency on natural dielectric substrates was simulated and analyzed to evaluate the performance of transmission. The Vivaldi antenna patch was designed with 3 geometries- circular, elliptical, and triangular, and their performance was studied across a wideband frequency range of 3–9 GHz using a rock snail-based dielectric substrate. Directivity, a critical parameter in antenna performance, was examined by analyzing the electric field distribution, radiation patterns, and return loss across the frequency spectrum. The results revealed that the triangular patch exhibited the highest electric field distribution and achieved a radiation gain of 5.73 dBi. Meanwhile, the circular patch demonstrated superior directivity with a gain of 8.91 dBi at 9 GHz. The simulated directivity closely matched the theoretical values, confirming the accuracy of the computational model. This study highlights how the geometry of antenna patches and variations in frequency significantly impact the performance of Vivaldi antennas. Further optimization using different dielectric substrates can enhance their efficiency for applications in 5G technology, radar systems, and communication networks.