Dairy 4.0: Implantable 3D-Printed Microsensors for on-Farm Health Monitoring in Lactating Cows

The novelty of this work lies in the development of a 3D-printed, milker-attachable pH microsensor with precise micropatterns and secondary wrinkled structures, which significantly enhance pH detection accuracy. This sensor operates in the pH range of 4.5-8.5 (-64 mV/pH) and exhibits minimal interference from other ions. Additionally, the integration of a feed-forward neural network (FNN) for high-precision classification of milk samples enables early disease detection. The sensor's seamless integration with automated milking systems allows for continuous, in-line health monitoring, advancing Dairy 4.0 farming with minimal human intervention.