3D-Flower-Like Bimetallic MXene Incorporated Laser-Engraved Graphene-Based Physio-Chemical Hybrid Patch for Perspiration Analysis and Cardiac Health Monitoring

This study presents a wearable physio-chemical hybrid patch sensor for real-time monitoring of sweat biomarkers and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The patch leverages the unique properties of 3D flower-like bimetallic Mo<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>Ti<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>C<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>-MXene (3D-BMX), synthesized via a hydrofluoric acid (HF)- free Lewis acid-assisted molten salt (LAMS) method and integrated with laser-engraved graphene (LEG) electrodes. The 3D spatial structure of 3D-BMX facilitates to enhance electron transport at the electrode-electrolyte interface, significantly boosting electrochemical activity and sensor sensitivity. In addition, the incorporation of 3D-BMX increases the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), enabling a large amount of enzyme and platinum nanoparticle (PtNPs) loading and making the sensor highly sensitive detection of sweat biomarkers such as glucose and pH. To improve long-term wearability, a pulsed laser-drilled (PLD) breathable substrate was implemented, providing excellent mechanical flexibility and minimizing skin irritation during continuous use. The fabricated patch also showed high-performance in real-time sweat glucose and ECG monitoring with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 28.5 dB, along with long-term durability.