Battery Preconditioning Methods for Electric Vehicles in Cold Climates: A Comparative Review

Low temperatures significantly impact the performance and longevity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), presenting a challenge for reliable operation in cold climates. Battery preconditioning methods, especially active heating techniques, are essential for maintaining optimal performance and safety. This article reviews and compares key active heating methods evaluating their efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility in lowtemperature environments. Results indicate that resistive heating is a simple and cost-effective solution, while heat pumps offer superior energy efficiency but require higher initial investments. Emerging techniques like inductive heating show promises for integration into future EV designs. This comparative review provides insights into the advantages and limitations of each method, offering guidance for improving EV battery performance in cold climates and highlighting areas for further research.