Advances in IoT and AI for Monitoring Hydroponic Nutrients: A brief Review

Hydroponic systems have been shown to be an alternative to conventional growing systems in recent years. One of its main challenges became the individual measurement of nutrients as opposed to the EC and pH measurement systems. ISE have proven to be a promising way to measure nutrients, but face the challenges of drift and interference from other ions in their measurements. To overcome this, calibration and sampling techniques in conjunction with machine learning have demonstrated promising results. The results obtained open new perspectives for future investigations into the integration of IoT and AI with sensors in hydroponic systems.