Surface Plasmon Resonance for Identifying Adulterants in Goat Milk: A Study on Water, NaOH, H₂O₂ and Formaldehyde

Surface Plasmon Resonance offers a sensitive and real-time method to identify adulterants in goat milk, a product increasingly valued for its nutritional and environmental benefits. This study investigates the efficacy of SPR in detecting common adulterants such as water, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and formaldehyde in goat milk. By analyzing changes in the refractive index, the molecular interactions on the SPR sensor surface were monitored. Results revealed that water reduced the refractive index due to dilution effects, whereas NaOH, H<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>O<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and formaldehyde increased it, reflecting enhanced adsorption caused by chemical alterations in milk components. The study demonstrates SPR’s precision and rapidity in identifying adulterants, contributing to improved quality control and consumer safety in the dairy industry. Additionally, integrating SPR with Internet of Things technologies is proposed to enable scalable, automated monitoring systems for real-time quality assurance. These findings emphasize SPR’s potential in advancing food authenticity and safety frameworks.