Knowledge and Attitudes of Parents of School-Aged Children Regarding Vaccinations, and an Analysis of Measles and Pertussis Vaccination Coverage Using the Example of the City of Radomsko in Central Poland

<b>Background</b>: Vaccinations are crucial for preventing infectious diseases. Parental knowledge and attitudes significantly impact vaccination decisions. <b>Methods</b>: This study analyzed parental knowledge and opinions on childhood vaccinations (focus: measles, pertussis) and assessed vaccination coverage rates in Radomsko, Poland. A cross-sectional study (Jan-Mar 2025) combined the following: (1) parent questionnaires (children aged 6-11 years), including opinions based on the validated VAX scale and (2) analysis of official vaccination coverage data (sanitary inspection). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression; results are presented as odds ratios (OR). <b>Results</b>: A total of 459 parents participated (mean age 38.9 years, 95% female, 67% Master's-level education). <b>Conclusions</b>: Most correctly identified measles (92%) and pertussis (85%) vaccines as mandatory. Considerable confusion existed about newer mandatory vaccines and varicella (78% incorrectly thought mandatory). Analysis revealed the influence of both knowledge and opinions from the VAX scale on vaccination decisions. Higher parental education significantly increased vaccination adherence for pertussis (OR = 2.03; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and both diseases (OR = 1.83; <i>p</i> < 0.001). While general vaccination awareness was high (97%), detailed knowledge of Poland's mandatory schedule was alarmingly low, especially for newer vaccines. Parental education level is a key determinant of both accurate knowledge and vaccination compliance. Targeted educational interventions are urgently needed to improve parental understanding and support public health goals.