Experimental and numerical study of circular hydraulic jumps on conical surfaces: Effects of slope, nozzle diameter, and flow rate

This study investigates the behavior of circular hydraulic jumps on conical surfaces with different cone slopes (β = 91°, 93°, and 95°) and nozzle radii (2.9, 3.4, and 4.05 mm) under different flow rates (10–29.4 ml/s). Experimental and numerical analyses were conducted to examine the effects of geometric parameters and flow conditions on the hydraulic jump characteristics, including jump radius, flow layer thickness, and jump stability. The results demonstrate that increasing the cone slope elongates the hydraulic jump, while higher flow rates lead to an increase in the jump radius. The study also highlights the dominance of gravitational forces over inertial effects in shaping the jump behavior, particularly at higher cone slopes. Additionally, the findings reveal that the flow layer thickness decreases before and after the jump, with the jump region expanding as the cone slope increases. The experimental and numerical results show good agreement. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of hydraulic jumps on non-horizontal surfaces, contributing to a better understanding of flow behavior in industrial and engineering applications.