3D printing technology in gynecological brachytherapy

Abstract Over the past decade, the advancement in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has introduced innovative methodology in gynecological brachytherapy, offering new approaches to improve treatment outcomes for patients with gynecological tumors. The ability for 3D printing technology to create customized applicators tailored to individual patient anatomy is a key advantage of 3D printing, providing superior dosimetry, better target coverage, and improved sparing of organs at risk compared to traditional techniques. Notably, 3D printing has shown particular benefits in managing complex and special cases such as patients with irregular vaginal anatomy or recurrent tumors, where conventional applicators often fail to provide optimal results. Despite these advances, further robust clinical evidence is still needed, particularly regarding long-term survival outcomes and reported toxicity. Moreover, the continuous development of 3D printing technology has led to numerous innovations across various aspects of gynecological brachytherapy, enhancing both the precision and efficiency of treatments. This review explores the evolution of 3D printing technology for gynecological brachytherapy, presents current clinical evidence supporting the use of 3D-printed applicators, and discusses the ongoing progress, challenges, and future potential of 3D printing, emphasizing its role in improving patient-specific care and outcomes in gynecological brachytherapy.