Criminalising Collusion: A Comparative Analysis of Cartel Enforcement in India, Australia, And Singapore

This study presents a comparative legal analysis of cartel regulation in India, Australia, and Singapore, focusing on legal definitions, enforcement mechanisms, penalty regimes, and leniency programs. It examines how these jurisdictions, each operating within a common law framework but differing in economic maturity, address antitrust practices i.e. price-fixing, bid-rigging, and market allocation. This study adopts a doctrinal and comparative legal research methodology. It involves detailed analysis of statutory frameworks, judicial decisions, regulatory guidelines, and enforcement authority reports in each jurisdiction. The study is further supported by empirical data on penalties, case outcomes, and leniency program applications to assess enforcement effectiveness and practical impact.