Deterministic and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Chlorpyrifos Residues via Consumption of Tomato and Cucumber in Armenia

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide; however, global concerns exist regarding its potential health risks, particularly developmental neurotoxicity. This study aimed to determine CPF residues in locally sourced tomatoes and cucumbers and assess the potential chronic and acute dietary risks associated with their consumption by the adult population of Armenia. As part of the national residue monitoring program, samples of the two most commonly consumed vegetables (tomato and cucumber) were collected from various regions of Armenia and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Two databases were used for dietary exposure assessment: one containing CPF residue levels and another containing individual food consumption data from a food frequency questionnaire completed by 1329 Armenian residents. Chronic risk was assessed using the Margin of Exposure (MOE), while acute risk was evaluated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Hazard Index (HI). CPF residues were detected in 15% of tomato and 28.6% of cucumber samples, with a mean content of 0.003 mg/kg. Deterministic and probabilistic assessments indicated no health concern (i.e., MOE > 300 and >1000, HQ and HI < 1) for the general adult population at current exposure levels. However, higher cumulative risk estimates obtained for high-consumption groups emphasize the significance of these studied vegetables as notable contributors to overall CPF intake. The findings indicate the importance of establishing vegetable-specific maximum residue levels, strengthening monitoring, and considering vulnerable population groups in future research. Broader assessments, including other plant-origin products, are recommended to ensure comprehensive risk assessment and support science-based policy decisions for improved food safety and public health protection in Armenia.