A unified FLC-blockchain framework for optimized carbon credit trading in multi-microgrid systems

With the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions, microgrids face the dual challenge of optimizing energy production and carbon credit trading to facilitate sustainable and efficient operations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid framework for carbon credit trading among microgrids, integrating Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers (IT2-FLC) and blockchain technology to enhance operational efficiency, security, and sustainability. The framework consists of three islanded microgrids, each characterized by a unique energy consumption profile and production capacity, with decision-making governed by IT2-FLCs. A continuous double auction mechanism facilitates decentralized energy and carbon trading, while smart contracts securely settle transactions, ensuring tamper-proof execution and transparent record-keeping. The IT2-FLCs provide robust, real-time control in the presence of uncertainty, enhancing system adaptability. Simulation results confirm the framework's ability to maintain operational balance, reduce carbon emissions, and enable trustless, scalable coordination across microgrids. This study presents a notable advancement in integrating fuzzy logic control with blockchain-based market mechanisms for real-time, resilient carbon credit trading, offering a robust and scalable pathway for future smart grid implementations under uncertainty.