A Systematic Review of Energy Recovery and Regeneration Systems in Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles for Deployment in Developing Nations

Improving the efficiency and range of hydrogen-powered electric vehicles (HPEVs) is essential for their global adoption, especially in developing countries with limited resources. This study systematically evaluates regenerative braking and suspension systems in HPEVs and proposes a deployment-focused framework tailored to the needs of developing nations. A comprehensive search was performed across multiple databases to identify relevant studies. The selected studies are screened, assessed for quality, and analyzed based on predefined criteria. The data is synthesized and interpreted to identify patterns, gaps, and conclusions. The findings show that regeneration systems, such as regenerative braking and regenerative suspension, are the most effective energy recovery systems in most electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. Although the regenerative braking system (RBS) offers higher energy efficiency gains that enhance cost-effectiveness despite its high initial investment, the regenerative suspension system (RSS) involves increased complexity. Still, it offers comparatively efficient energy recovery, particularly in developing countries with patchy road infrastructure. The gaps highlighted in this review will aid researchers and vehicle manufacturers in designing, optimizing, developing, and commercializing HPEVs for deployment in developing countries.