A comparison of 27 Arabidopsis thaliana genomes and the path toward an unbiased characterization of genetic polymorphism
Making sense of whole-genome polymorphism data is challenging, but it is essential for overcoming the biases in SNP data. Here we analyze 27 genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana to illustrate these issues. Genome size variation is mostly due to tandem repeat regions that are difficult to assemble. However, while the rest of the genome varies little in length, it is full of structural variants, mostly due to transposon insertions. Because of this, the pangenome coordinate system grows rapidly with sample size and ultimately becomes 70% larger than the size of any single genome, even for n = 27. Finally, we show how short-read data are biased by read mapping. SNP calling is biased by the choice of reference genome, and both transcriptome and methylome profiling results are affected by mapping reads to a reference genome rather than to the genome of the assayed individual.
Authors
- Magnus Nordborg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7178-9748)
- Detlef Weigel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-7963)
- Aleksandra E. Kornienko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-9630)
- Christa Lanz
- Anna A. Igolkina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-9621)
- Sebastian Vorbrugg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1112-0935)
- Joffrey Fitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1374-3538)
- Viktoria Nizhynska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-9102)
- Benjamin Jaegle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-1328)
- Pádraic J. Flood (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-9754)
- Ilja Bezrukov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0420-4329)
- Angela M. Hancock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4768-3377)
- Ya‐Long Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4643-4889)
- Vitaly Voloshin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-5976)
- Haim Ashkenazy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5079-4684)
- Christian Kubica (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-2387)
- Paul Kersey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-800X)
- Ilka Reichardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-9352)
- Sileshi Nemomissa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3665-0713)
- Travis Wrightsman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0904-6473)
- Víctor Llaca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-2924)
- Almudena Mollá‐Morales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9465-0490)
- Felix Bemm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-4898)
- Max Collenberg
- Haijun Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-893X)
- Fernando A. Rabanal
- Alexander D. Bezlepsky
Institutions
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (AT)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (GB)
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology (RU)
- Corteva (United States) (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (DE)
- Institute of Botany (CN)
- Max Planck Institute for Biology (DE)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2025-08-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02293-0
- Citations
- 14
- Primary Topic
- Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 24.50