Continuum, CO, and water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula

Context . The millimetre spectrum of Galactic regions and galaxies is rich in continuum and molecular lines. This diversity is mostly explored using either broad-band photometry or high-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. Aims . We aim to map the millimetre continuum emission of Galactic regions with an intermediate spectral resolution between broadband photometry and heterodyne spectroscopy, enabling us to rapidly cover large sky areas with spectroscopy. Methods . We report observations of the Orion Nebula with the CONCERTO instrument, which was installed at the APEX telescope focal plane from 2021 to 2023. Results . We find that the spectrum of Orion is dominated by dust emission with an emissivity index ranging between 1.3 and 2.0, along with strong CO(2-1) and H 2 O lines, which are naturally separated from the continuum due to the CONCERTO spectral capabilities. Many regions also show strong free-free emission at lower frequencies. Conclusions . We demonstrate the spectral capabilities of CONCERTO at intermediate spectral resolution, with a frequency coverage from 130 to 310 GHz. A sensitivity of 200 mK is achieved in one second, for one beam and a 6 GHz frequency width, over an 18 arcmin diameter field of view, which is within a factor of three of the expectations. We show that we can spectrally disentangle the continuum from the CO line emission, but the line is not resolved at a resolution of ~8000 km s –1 . The slope of the millimetre continuum is line-free mapped for the first time in Orion.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-08-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555320
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.15

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

Continuum, CO, and water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula

Á. Bongiovanni, G. Pisano, M de Petris, S. Doyle et al.
1 citations
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
1.15
article

Continuum, CO, and water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula

Á. Bongiovanni, G. Pisano, M de Petris, S. Doyle, H Aussel, F. Ruppin, E. F. C. Driessen, F. Kéruzoré, A. Lundgren, J. F. Macías–Pérez, A. Benoît, S. Leclercq, C. De Breuck, C. Hanser, Paúl André, G. Lagache, Stergios Amarantidis, R. Zylka, A. Maury, A. J. Rigby, F.–X. Désert, Wenkai Hu, S. Berta, A. Monfardini, M. Muñoz-Echeverría, Daysi Quinatoa, M. Calvo, I. Myserlis, G. Ejlali, F. Mayet, M. Van Cuyck, C. Tucker, S. Savorgnano, M. Sánchez-Portal, A. Ritacco, O. Bourrion, B. Ladjelate, V. Revéret, M. Béthermin, S. Katsioli, C. Kramer, A. Fasano, J Goupy, C. Dubois, A. Sievers, H. Ajeddig, H. Roussel, A. Paliwal, A. Ferragamo, S. C. Madden, A. Beelen, J. Bounmy, Ángel Chandro-Gómez, A. Moyer-Anin, J.-F. Lestrade, L. Perotto, A. Catalano, E. Ibar, N. Ponthieu, P. Ade, R. M. Adam, D. Chérouvrier, C. A Dur̊m
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Context . The millimetre spectrum of Galactic regions and galaxies is rich in continuum and molecular lines. This diversity is mostly explored using either broad-band photometry or high-resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. Aims . We aim to map the millimetre continuum emission of Galactic regions with an intermediate spectral resolution between broadband photometry and heterodyne spectroscopy, enabling us to rapidly cover large sky areas with spectroscopy. Methods . We report observations of the Orion Nebula with the CONCERTO instrument, which was installed at the APEX telescope focal plane from 2021 to 2023. Results . We find that the spectrum of Orion is dominated by dust emission with an emissivity index ranging between 1.3 and 2.0, along with strong CO(2-1) and H 2 O lines, which are naturally separated from the continuum due to the CONCERTO spectral capabilities. Many regions also show strong free-free emission at lower frequencies. Conclusions . We demonstrate the spectral capabilities of CONCERTO at intermediate spectral resolution, with a frequency coverage from 130 to 310 GHz. A sensitivity of 200 mK is achieved in one second, for one beam and a 6 GHz frequency width, over an 18 arcmin diameter field of view, which is within a factor of three of the expectations. We show that we can spectrally disentangle the continuum from the CO line emission, but the line is not resolved at a resolution of ~8000 km s –1 . The slope of the millimetre continuum is line-free mapped for the first time in Orion.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 701
Argonne National Laboratory (US), University of Leeds (GB), European Southern Observatory (DE), Institute of Space Sciences (ES), Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (FR), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (FR), Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR), Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (FR), Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille (FR), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (FR), Lagrange Laboratory (FR), Château Gombert (FR), National Observatory of Athens (GR), CEA Paris-Saclay (FR), Centro de Astrobiología (ES), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (FR), CY Cergy Paris Université (FR), Institut Néel (FR), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IR), Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES), Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT), Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (FR), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (FR), Cardiff University (GB)
Arizona State University, Aix-Marseille Université, Agenția Națională pentru Cercetare și Dezvoltare, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, CHIST-ERA
Openalex Percentile: Top 17%
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
1.15
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.