Robotics for Space Exploration: From Mars Rovers to Lunar Missions

Robotics has become an indispensable element in the exploration of extraterrestrial environments, enabling scientific discoveries in domains that are otherwise inaccessible or hazardous to human presence. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development, deployment, and future direction of robotic systems specifically designed for space exploration, with a focus on missions to Mars and the Moon. Beginning with a historical perspective, the paper explores early robotic missions that laid the foundation for current technologies, including the Soviet Luna program and NASA’s Viking missions. It highlights the technical advancements and scientific achievements of iconic Mars rovers such as Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance, examining their mobility mechanisms, autonomous navigation systems, power sources, and onboard scientific instruments. Parallel to Martian exploration, the paper discusses lunar robotics, including legacy missions like Lunokhod and Apollo Lunar Rovers, as well as emerging platforms under NASA’s Artemis program. The survey further investigates key innovations in space robotics, such as autonomous decision-making, advanced locomotion systems, and energy efficiency in harsh environments, while addressing challenges like radiation exposure and communication latency. Finally, it explores future trends, including in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), robotic construction of habitats, and human-robot collaboration. By synthesizing past, present, and emerging trends, this paper serves as a detailed resource for understanding the critical role of robotics in advancing humanity’s reach beyond Earth, offering insights to guide future research and mission planning.