Recent Chemo-morphological coma evolution of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

We present VLT/MUSE observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during its 2021 perihelion passage, from which we generated simultaneous maps of dust, [OI], C 2 , NH 2 , and CN comae across 12 pre- and post-perihelion epochs. These maps reveal the evolutionary and compositional trends of 67P’s coma and further enrich the context and findings of ESA’s Rosetta mission. Dust and gas species displayed distinct structures, where NH 2 and CN signals were uniquely associated with known dust fans, raising the question of possible correlation to the dust and contributions of extended sources. Localised fitted NH 2 scale lengths were 1.5-1.9 × larger than those fitted for the rest of the coma, which is consistent with an extended source component for northern pre-perihelion emissions. In the southern hemisphere, CN was correlated with a prominent and sharp dust structure, potentially revealing an extended source origin via larger dust particles that preserve the CN parent species, as evidenced by higher spectral slopes in the region. Gas maps depicted two distinct evolutionary regimes: (1) evolving H 2 O ([OI] 1 D) and C 2 emissions driven by nucleus sublimation and subsolar insolation, and (2) stable NH 2 and CN emissions associated with seasonal dynamics and possible distributed sources. Dust spectral slope maps revealed spectral slope trends consistent with Rosetta findings, while green/red [OI] ratios generally indicate a coma dominated by H 2 O. • We separated the coma via IFU datacubes into concurrent maps of optical species. • We identified evolving [OI] and C 2 signal consistent with nucleic ice sublimation. • We found stable NH 2 , dust and CN signal likely linked to distributed coma sources. • We calculated spectral slope, which supports previous studies and distributed sources. • We measured G/R [OI] to be around 0.1, implying a water-dominated coma.