Seeded and Confined Li Plating Enabled by Capsule Additives: Achieving Safe 6 C Charging on 180 μm-Thick Graphite Anodes

In commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the uncontrolled Li plating on graphite anodes under fast charging presents critical challenges to cycling stability and safety.Here, we introduce a silicalite-1@SnO 2 hollow sphere (SHS) capsule additive incorporated into graphite anodes to inhibit and regulate Li plating under fast-charging conditions.This additive achieves a two-stage strategy for Li plating issues: (1) before Li plating initiates, the silicalite-1 component of SHS enhances lithium-ion (Li + ) diffusion throughout the electrode, reducing charge transfer polarization and suppressing the onset of dendritic Li deposition; (2) when the anode potential drops below 0 V (vs.Li/Li + ) during fast charging, the SnO 2 hollow sphere within SHS acts as a lithiophilic site, guiding Li deposition into its internal cavity.Benefiting from this two-stage strategy, the LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 ||graphite pouch cell (180 m thickness, 5 wt.%SHS addition) achieves an 82% state of charge at 6 C and retains 80% capacity over 255 cycles, significantly outperforming counterparts degraded by dendritic Li plating during fast