Heavy Metal Intake and Potential Carcinogenic Risks Through Consumption of Leafy Vegetables in Mostar

This study analyzed the concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) available on the market in the city of Mostar, with the aim of assessing potential carcinogenic risks for adults and children. Given that heavy metals are present in the environment and can accumulate in plants, understanding their concentrations and potential health impacts is particularly important. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) considers an acceptable carcinogenic risk to fall within the range of 1×10⁻⁶ to 1×10⁻⁴. The measured concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, and Pb) in Swiss chard (samples B1–B6) and collard greens (samples R1–R6) showed variability but were all below the maximum permissible levels set by the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina No. 68/14. The estimated potential carcinogenic risk for adults ranged from 2.53x10⁻⁵ to 2.64x10⁻⁵ for Swiss chard and from 1.06x10⁻⁵ to 8.55x10⁻⁶ mg/kg/day for collard greens. Higher risks were calculated for children, ranging from 3.55x10⁻⁵ to 1.62x10⁻⁵ mg/kg/day for Swiss chard and from 1.13x10⁻⁵ to 7.81x10⁻⁶ mg/kg/day for collard greens. Although the concentrations of heavy metals in the analyzed samples were low and the associated risks fall within the USEPA-recommended limits, continuous monitoring and control of heavy metal concentrations are advised to ensure food safety and protect consumer health.