Systems-based approach to public electric vehicle supply equipment expansion: An international policy analysis

• Analyses electric vehicle (EV) policies and strategies from five countries • Provides key considerations for EV charging infrastructure (CI) expansion • Expands systems theory to comprehensively assess EVCI rollout • Finds early utility involvement and charger data-sharing crucial for network planning • Guides public organisations in charging type, location and business model decision-making The lack of charging stations and the associated range anxiety remain the most cited barriers to Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption in cities despite ongoing efforts by public and private organisations. Policies outline detailed requirements and plan for the expansion of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), however, comprehensive insights into the challenges identified and strategies developed remain scarce. This study analyses over 100 policies from Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK, and the US to provide insights on the planning, design and management of EVSE. Findings highlight the need to plan EVSE as part of an interconnected urban system, aligning energy, mobility, and land use to avoid fragmented rollout and unintended consequences. Public sector leadership plays a crucial role in ensuring equitable access, while coordinated data sharing, adaptable delivery models, and enforcement mechanisms support system resilience and user trust.