Cabergoline-induced prolactinoma treatment and subsequent estrogen-driven vascular smooth muscle tumorigenesis in a middle-aged female: A case report

This case highlights the need for urologists and research fellows to consider hormonal history when evaluating incidental renal masses. Hormonal rebound following endocrine therapy may play an underrecognized role in tumor pathogenesis. Surgical excision remains the definitive treatment for diagnostic clarification and curative intent.