Development of a New Spark Plasma Sintering Biphasic Calcium Phosphate With Bioglass Composite Ceramics and Examination of Its Biological Activity and Osteogenic Characteristics

Bone tissue engineering offers a promising strategy for repairing massive bone defects, with diverse biomaterials continuously emerging in this field. However, the capabilities of single-material systems increasingly fail to meet the requirements for bone regeneration. There is an urgent need to develop novel composite biomaterials. Herein, we fabricate biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)/bioglass composite ceramics via digital light processing (DLP)-assisted spark plasma sintering (SPS) and systematically evaluate bioglass-ratio-dependent biological activity, biodegradability, and osteogenic efficacy through in vitro and in vivo models. We determined that 45S5 bioglass at 20 wt.% optimally enhances osteogenic differentiation, demonstrating significant potential for bone defect repair in future clinical applications.