Gas hydrogen-doped P2G-CCS coupled IES optimal scheduling based on step carbon trading

Abstract The study develops an optimized VPP (virtual power plant) integrating P2G-CCS (Power - to - Gas with Carbon Capture and Storage) and hydrogen blending, combining technical and policy solutions. We model hydrogen-enhanced generation and a two-stage P2G-CCS process with tiered carbon pricing. An optimization model minimizes operational costs using MILP (Mixed - Integer Linear Programming) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithms. Scenario analysis shows the system effectively balances economic and environmental goals through adaptive hydrogen blending and carbon pricing. Results demonstrate improved efficiency and emission reduction, with dynamic blending maintaining flexibility while reducing carbon intensity. The carbon pricing scheme incentivizes low-carbon dispatch without compromising reliability. This framework offers practical solutions for transitioning to sustainable energy systems through synergistic technology-policy integration.