Building-Aware Path Loss Modeling in ns-3

We propose a novel propagation model named First Order Buildings Aware Propagation Loss Model (FOBA) to address the lack of reactive interaction between signal propagation and urban building topology.The model incorporates signal loss based on three components: the direct path of the signal through buildings, diffraction, and reflection.The proposed model enhances signal path loss coherence in short-distance, object-obstructed environments.These contributions improve ns-3 representation of urban network connectivity.