Analysis of Insect Resistance and Ploidy in Hybrid Progeny of Transgenic BtCry1Ac Triploid Poplar 741

With the increasing severity of forest pest problems, breeding insect-resistant varieties has become a crucial task for the sustainable development of forestry. The highly insect-resistant triploid Populus line Pb29, genetically modified with <i>BtCry1Ac</i>, served as the maternal parent in controlled hybridization with three paternal Populus cultivars. Hybrid progenies were obtained through embryo rescue and tissue culture. Results showed that 4 °C storage was favorable for pollen preservation, with 84K poplar exhibiting superior pollen viability and embryo germination rates. All progenies displayed significantly lower seedling height and ground diameter growth than the maternal parent (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with some showing leaf shape and branching variations. Among the three crosses, the 84K-sired progeny exhibited the best growth performance but the highest variability. PCR analysis confirmed stable inheritance of the <i>BtCry1Ac</i> and <i>Kan</i> genes from Pb29, showing tight linkage. Progenies carrying <i>BtCry1Ac</i> exhibited detectable gene transcription and toxic protein accumulation, though expression levels varied due to copy number, insertion sites, and potential co-suppression effects. Ploidy analysis suggested all hybrids were aneuploid, with lower survival rates than the maternal parent. Insect-feeding assays confirmed high resistance in all <i>BtCry1Ac</i>-inheriting progenies, with an average larval mortality rate of 97.03%. Mortality rates and death indices significantly correlated with transcript abundance and toxin protein levels. These results demonstrate that <i>BtCry1Ac</i> insect resistance is stably inherited through hybridization. Transgene expression appears co-modulated by copy number, insertion sites, and ploidy status. Simultaneously, it was found that the aneuploid progeny derived from triploid hybridization exhibited growth disadvantages. This provides an important basis for subsequent poplar improvement breeding.