Green Synthesis of rGO/Gd ₂ WO ₆ Nanocomposite Using <i>Phyllanthus Amarus</i> Leaf Extract for Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Applications

Abstract This study reports a green, cost‐effective, and biocompatible synthesis of rGO/Gd 2 WO 6 nanocomposite using Phyllanthus amarus ( P. amarus ) leaf extract, eliminating the need for chemical surfactants or capping agents. The synthesized materials were comprehensively characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy‐ energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (FE‐SEM‐EDX), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), ultraviolet‐diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐DRS), BET, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD and HRTEM confirmed the formation of well‐crystalline nanocomposites with strong interfacial inte)raction between rGO and Gd 2 WO 6 . BET analysis revealed a surface area of 11.47 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 0.04 cm 3 /g, indicating enhanced dye adsorption capability. UV‐DRS results showed reduced band gap values, enhancing visible‐light absorption in the rGO/Gd 2 WO 6 composite. The photocatalytic activity was assessed using methylene blue dye under sunlight. The rGO/Gd 2 WO 6 nanocomposite achieved a degradation efficiency of 92.72% within 90 min, outperforming pure WO 3 and Gd 2 WO 6 . Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo‐first‐order model. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, supporting the composite's potential in disinfection. Overall, this work presents a sustainable and eco‐friendly method for synthesizing multifunctional nanomaterials. The rGO/Gd 2 WO 6 nanocomposite shows promising applications in environmental remediation and public health, aligning with green chemistry and sustainable development goals.